Abstract

The language of law is complex and needs to be investigated to facilitate its easy understanding. The present study addresses this need by analyzing a mini-corpus comprising two short texts taken from Pakistan's Code of Civil Procedure 1908 and the U.K.'s Civil Procedure Rules 1998 with Halliday's ideational metafunction, which is suited for analyzing procedural texts (Halliday & Matthiessen, 2004). The study identified the transitivity patterns in the mini corpus. The findings showed simpler construction of processes in the U.K. civil procedure text sample as compared to Pakistan's Civil Procedure text sample, whereas the analysis showed a similar complex construction of nominal phrases in both texts. The study is expected to contribute toward an easy understanding of legal language. It is also hoped that this study will promote further research in this important area with pedagogical implications.

Key Words

Corpus Analysis, Ideational Metafunction, Legal Language, Legislative Drafting, Linguistic Complexity, Systemic Functional Linguistics

Introduction

Legal language is complex because it uses complex linguistic structures and multiple qualifications for achieving clarity and comprehensiveness (El- Farahaty, 2015; Bhatia, 1993, 2003, 2004). That is the reason that complexity in legal language has been researched extensively. For example, Bhatia (1993, 2010) investigated the use of subordinate clauses in order to facilitate the understanding of legislative provisions. Cooper (2011) identified the ambiguity caused by the excessive use of the modal verb ‘shall’ in legislation. Some research in legal language has been carried out in the Pakistani context, too. For example, the stylistic and move analysis of plaints for recovery of finance (Jabeen, 2012), genre analysis of Pakistani Muslim Family Laws Ordinance 1961 (Usmani, 2014), and stylistic analysis of Muslim Family Laws Ordinance 1961 (Ahmad, Nadeem, Khan, & Ahmad, 2015). These studies provide a foundation for the present study. As the complexity in legal language presents challenges for easy understanding of the legislative texts (Bhatia, 2004), and the fact that research on legal language in the Pakistani context is still limited, we aimed to carry out a comparative linguistic analysis of the legal language used in Pakistan's Code of Civil Procedure 1908 (henceforth CPC) and U.K.'s Civil Procedure Rules 1998 (henceforth CPR).

For this purpose, we employed Halliday's ideational metafunction. In Systemic Functional Linguistics (SFL), the ideational metafunction is used to identify the use of language in expressing the actions and events. Hence, it is well suited for investigating the procedural texts (Halliday & Matthiessen, 2004).

Objective

The objective of our study was to examine the use of language in the creation of civil procedures in CPC and CPR. In view of the limited scope of this study, a mini corpus was developed comprising small data taken from each text for analyzing the expression of civil procedure in both texts with the help of Halliday and Matthiessen's ideational metafunction (2004). The analysis helped identify the linguistic patterns for creating the civil procedure in the mini corpus.

Literature Review

According to Bhatia (2004), the language of the law is replete with complex constructions, which make it difficult to understand even by law professionals. The situation is more challenging in the Pakistani context, where English is not a native or first language (Mahmood, 2009). Therefore, an investigation of the language of law in general and that of legislative texts is highly desirable. However, the legal language is generally considered to be beyond any flaws and hence is taken for granted (Chaudhry, 2010). This situation naturally demands that the language of a legislative text be examined in order to facilitate its easy understanding.

Previous studies indicate that some research has been carried out in the Pakistani context, such as the stylistic analysis of plaint letters (Jabeen, 2012). Similarly, Ahmad (2015) carried out the analysis of cohesive devices in the Muslim Family Laws Ordinance 1961. Usmani (2014) carried out a genre analysis of the Muslim Family Laws Ordinance 1961, identifying various moves in creating the text of the Ordinance, and finding various complex linguistic patterns that caused difficulties in easy comprehension. In addition, Chaudhry (2007) provided a comprehensive commentary on legislative drafting in the Pakistani context and recommended various strategies for facilitating a better understanding of legislative texts. These studies provided foundation and justification for expanding the scope of the research to comparative analysis of legislative texts from different countries. Hence, the present study chose to investigate the civil procedures of Pakistan and the U.K.




Theoretical Framework

This study employed SFL as a theoretical framework. SFL looks at a text through ideational, interpersonal, and textual metafunctions (Halliday & Matthiessen, 2004). The ideational metafunction looks at the use of language for expressing experience, the interpersonal metafunction is used to investigate linguistic devices employed in the interactions between people, and the textual metafunction explores various linguistic devices for creating cohesion. For the purposes of this study, we employed the ideational metafunction to examine the text samples included in the mini corpus because the texts express the procedure of interpleader, a domain related to ideational metafunction.

The ideational metafunction uses the system of transitivity to explore the construction of a clause and provides that a clause is composed of three major components, that is, process, participant, and circumstance. A process depicts six types of action or events expressed by a verb. A participant is an entity that either performs the action or is impacted by it and is expressed by a noun. A circumstance expresses additional information about a process and is generally expressed by a prepositional phrase or an adverbial phrase. Each type of process has its specific attendant participants. The processes, along with their attendant participants and circumstances, are explained below.

Material Process

A Material process expresses action or an event with reference to time, location, and quality (Halliday & Matthiessen, 2004). A material process generally has two participants, an Actor and a Goal. The actor is the participant that does an action, and the participant that is impacted by the action is referred to as Goal. The action may be physical (e.g., Amjad threw the ball) or mental/abstract (e.g., Amjad thought that he wrote a letter). A clause in which a material process occurs is known as a material clause. It may have an explicit Actor (i.e., active voice) or implicit Actor (i.e., passive voice). Similarly, it may or may not require a Goal. The criteria for identifying a process as a material process is to ask what did X do to Y when, where, how, and why? (Halliday & Matthiessen, 2004).




 

Table 1. Material Process - Active Voice Examples

Actor	Process: material	Goal.
Amjad	wrote	a letter.
The bowler	threw	the ball.

 

Table 2. Material Process - Passive Voice Examples

Goal	Process: material	Actor
The letter	was written	by Amjad
The ball	was thrown	by the bowler.

 




Mental Process

A Mental process refers to what goes on within the mind and depicts ideas, thoughts, observations, etc. A mental process depicts four types of action:

1) Perception (i.e., seeing or hearing), 2) Cognition (i.e., knowing), 3) Desideration (wanting or needing), and 4) Emotion (i.e., liking, not liking, etc.). Halliday and Matthiessen (2004) point out that a mental process always involves two participants: 1) Senser, who performs one of the abovementioned actions, and 2) Phenomenon, that is, what is perceived, liked/disliked, etc. In addition, a Senser is always a participant endowed with human characteristics of feeling, liking, sensing, etc. Whereas a Phenomenon may or may not have human characteristics.




 

Table 3. Mental Process - Examples

Senser	Process: mental	Phenomenon
Ana	felt	joy.
Jerry	thought	that he had won the game.
Amjad	cannot see.

 




Relational Process

A Relational Process depicts a state of being or having. It shows a relation between two entities in such a way that neither entity is affected by the process (Halliday & Matthiessen, 2004). A relational process has two modes and three types. The two modes are 1) Attributive, 2) Identifying. Attributive mode depicts that an entity x has an attribute a. Identifying mode shows that an entity x is assigned a role or character a. The three types are: 1) Intensive on the pattern x is a; 2) Circumstantial on the pattern x is at a; 3) Possessive on the pattern x has a. The intensive type shows that                     the entity x has an attribute or a role/character a. the Circumstantial type shows that an entity x is happening on or at a given time or day, or a circumstance x is identified to be a. Possessive depicts that either an entity x possesses an attribute a, or an entity a is identified as a possession of an entity x. The possessive processes are shown in Table 4.




 

Table 4. Relational Process - Examples

Type	Attributive	Identifying
Intensive	Amjad is wise	Amjad is the supervisor.
Circumstantial	The festival was on Monday	Tomorrow is the ninth. The ninth is tomorrow.
Possessive	Amjad has a box	The box is Amjad's. Amjad's box is that box.

 




Behavioral Process

As indicated by its name, a Behavioral process shows a behavior, such as smiling, laughing, looking. (Halliday & Matthiessen, 2004). It shows an outward display of our mental activity. For example, seeing is a mental process but looking at something is behavioral because it involves an act of looking at something. This process lies at the boundary of a material and a mental process (2004). It has one inherent participant, called Behaver. A Behaver is typically a conscious entity. Some clauses use Range as the second participant. A Range is only used to add further description to a Behaver and is therefore not a real participant.

Generally, a Behavioral process is of five types: 1) behavior of consciousness, such as watching, staring, thinking; 2) behavior of verbal types, such as grumbling, talking; 3) behavior of physiological types, such as crying, frowning; 4) behavior of miscellaneous physiological type, such as breathing, sleeping; 5) behavior of physical nature, such as dancing, sitting, squatting (Halliday, 1994). These processes are shown in Table 5.




 

Table 5. Behavioral Process - Example

Behaver	Process	Range
Amjad	gave	a smile.
Amjad	laughed.

 




Verbal Process

A verbal process depicts an act of saying something, such as reporting an event. A verbal process lies at the boundary of a mental and a relational process. Thus, it carries the characteristics of these two processes. According to Thompson (2000), it depicts the human faculty of thinking and meaning.

This process has one inherent participant, which

is referred to as Sayer, which could be a conscious or nonconscious entity. This process involves three other participants, i.e., a Receiver, the Verbiage, and a Target. The Verbiage shows what is said. The Receiver shows the entity to whom the Verbiage is addressed. The third participant, Target, is the entity that is the target of the Verbiage. It is shown in Table 6.




 

Table 6. Verbal Process - Example

Sayer	Process: verbal	Target	Receiver	Verbiage
Akram	tells	-	Amjad	a true story.
Supervisor	praised	Amjad	-	for his great work.

 

Existential




An Existential process expresses the existence of an entity. It has features of a relational and a material process. A clause with an existential process generally starts with there (Halliday & Matthiessen, 2004). Some other processes depicting existence are flourishing, arising, etc. This process generally involves one inherent participant, known as Existent. An Existent may be a conscious or nonconscious entity.




Table 7. Existential Process - There as Theme

	Process: existential	Existent	Circumstance
There	lived	a farmer	in the village.
There	was	a queen	in Persia.

 

Table 8. Existential Process - Existent as Theme

Existent	Process: existential	Circumstance
No life	exists	in the dead sea.

 




Mini Corpus

For the needs of this study, we will consider a mini corpus of the provisions relating to interpleader from each text. These have been reproduced in Appendices 1-2. The purpose of having only a small number of provisions is to help us to analyze these provisions completely without having to go beyond the scope of this study. A detailed analysis of each text would require a separate study. The provisions in the mini corpus from each text have the same heading, that is, interpleader. Therefore, it was well-suited for our purposes to provide a comparative analysis as to how each text lays down the procedure for interpleader. The provisions relating to interpleader have been taken from the following sources:

CPC:

https://www.pakistancode.gov.pk/english/UY2FqaJw1-apaUY2Fqa-apaUY2NpaJdq-sg-jjjjjjjjjjjjj.

CRP: https://www.legislation.gov.uk/uksi/1998/3132/made/data.pdf

 

Research Questions

In view of the limited scope of this study, the following research question has been formulated for this paper:

1.       What transitivity patterns may be identified in the mini corpus?

Analysis and Discussion

In order to respond to the research question, the transitivity analysis of CPC and CPR was carried out. The transitivity analysis of clauses from CPC is provided in Appendix I, and that of CPR is given in Appendix II. In this section, the analysis is represented for the processes used in the two data, followed by an analysis of nominal phrases.

 

Construction of Processes in Mini Corpus

The processes in the two data are reproduced in Table 9.




 

Table 9. Process types in CPC and CPR

CPC Data			CPR Data
Process	Type		Process	Type
state	verbal		apply	Material
required	material		construed	Mental
stay	material		give	Material
provided	material		include	Material
added	material		be	Relational
declare	verbal		give	Material
retain	material		give	Material
adjudicate	material		be	Relational
direct	verbal		apply	Material
enable	mental
instituted	material
provide	material




As mini corpus comprised a small data sample, Table 9 returned only 12 processes in the CPC data and only nine processes in CPR data.

CPC data contains 8 material processes, 3 verbal processes, and 1 mental process. The CPR data contains 6 material, 1 mental, and 2 relational processes. These have been graphically presented in Figure 1.

Figure 1

Frequency Distribution of Processes in the Texts of CPC and CPR



Figure 1 shows that CPC uses three instances of verbal processes as compared to zero in CPR. Similarly, CPC did not return any relational processes as compared to two instances of relational processes in CPR. As the number of processes is not the same in both data, the percentage distribution was calculated. It has been given in Table 10.




 

Table 10. Percentage of Processes in CPC and CPR Data

Process	Frequency in CPC data	Percentage		Frequency in CPR data	Percentage
Material	8	67%		6	67%
Verbal	3	25%		0	0%
Mental	1	8%		1	11%
Relational	0	0%		2	22%

 




Table 10 shows that material processes have the same percentage in both CPC and CPR data. Despite being very small data, this clearly shows a preference for the material processes in both texts. This is significant in the sense that according to Halliday and Matthiessen (2004), the procedural texts predominantly employ material processes, so this finding in our data confirms this assertion. This has been visually represented in Figure 2.

Figure 2

Percentage Distribution of Processing in CPC and CPR Data



Figure 2 shows that both CPC and CPR data have equal percent distribution of material processes. It is interesting to note that the percent distribution of mental processes is 11% in CPR as compared to 8% in CPC, indicating that CPR uses more occurrences of mental processes as compared to CPC.

In the CPC data, the material processes are required, stay, provide(d), added, retain, adjudicate, instituted, and provide. In CPR data, the material processes are applied, give, and included. It may be observed that CPR data contains only three material processes, and they are repeated in different clauses. On the other hand, CPC data has a greater number of processes with less repetition. The only process used in the two clauses is provided. Similarly, CPC data shows state, declare, and direct as verbal processes. CPR data did not return any verbal process. In addition, CPC data returned enable as a mental process, whereas CPR data returned one instance of mental process, that is, construe. CPR data returned three instances of the relational process be. It may be observed that CPR data shows a smaller number of processes with more repetitions. Next, the structure of processes was analyzed in both data. It has been reproduced in Table 11:




 

Table 11. Construction of Material Processes in CPC and CPR Data

CPC data	CPR data
May be required to…pay or place	May apply
Stay	Give
May be provided	Include
May be added	Give
Retain	Give
May adjudicate	Apply
May provide

 




Table 11 shows that CPC data returned more complex structures for processes as compared to CPR data. CPR data returned only one instance of the process with may, as compared to 5 instances of processes with may in CPC data. Another important observation shows that CPR data uses active mode (give, include, give) as compared to CPC data that shows the use of both active and passive modes (required, provided, added, and stay, retain, adjudicate, provide).

 

Construction of Nominal Phrases

In this section, the construction of nominal phrases in both CPC data and CPR data was analyzed. The nominal phrases in main clauses found in both data have been listed in Appendix II. The nominal phrases in the circumstantial clauses have not been fully examined because that would go beyond the scope of this study. Appendix III shows that both CPC and CPR employ simple and complex constructions for the nominal phrases, which act as participants. A close look at these participants indicates that the participants include both human and non-human participants, such as the plaintiff, they, his costs…, him, all parties, agents, and tenants in CPC data; and the person…or the sheriff, the person under liability…, any person, his claim, the execution creditor, his address, the sheriff. The data in both CPC and CPR also include non-human participants, such as the court, the proceedings, the title, nothing in this Order in CPC data; and the court, notice, that address, notice thereof, goods or chattels claimed in CPR data. Another feature that these participants show is the embedded relative clauses, which serve to specify the meanings and limit the scope of the headwords. For example, the court in which the suit against the plaintiff  is pending serves to specify which court is being referred to in the clause. Similarly, in his costs in the suit so stayed, the embedded relative clause in the suit so stayed specifies which costs are being referred to. It contains a further embedded clause so stayed, which further makes the scope of the meaning of the suit specific; that is, the clause talks about a suit which has been stayed so (i.e., in this manner). However, a detailed investigation of such embedded elements would require a separate study.

CPR data also shows similar embedding. For example, the person under liability, as mentioned in sub-paragraph (a) or (subject to rule 2), the sheriff is a long nominal phrase serving as a participant and contains embedded clauses to specify which person is being referred to. Similarly, in another long nominal phrase, Any person making a claim to or in respect of any money, goods or chattels taken or intended to be taken in execution under a process of the court, or to the proceeds or value of any such goods or chattels, the underlined long embedded clause specifies which person is being referred to. Appendix III provides further instances of nominal phrases used in both CPC and CPR.

As Appendix III shows, the construction of nominal phrases becomes complex because of embedded clauses, despite the fact that such embedded clauses serve to achieve clarity and precision in a legal text (Bhatia, 2004).

Conclusion and Recommendations

This study was carried out to examine the complexity in legal language for which a comparative analysis of a min-corpus from the CPC and CPR was carried out with the help of Halliday's transitivity system under his Systemic Functional Linguistics theory. The analysis focused on the transitivity patterns in both texts and the types and construction of processes, and the construction of nominal phrases. The analysis showed that the construction of processes may contain complex structures but was generally found to be simple. The processes used in CPR data were found to be fewer than the ones found in CPC data. In addition, CPR data showed repetition of these processes instead of using a large number of different processes. This seemed to make the data more focused. On the other hand, CPC data contained a greater number of processes with less repetition. This may indicate either CPC data being more diverse on the one hand and being less focused on the other hand.

With regard to the construction of nominal phrases, both texts showed a similar trend. Both texts used a mix of simple, one-word nominal phrases and multi-phrase structures with embedded clauses. The data indicated that these embedded clauses were added to achieve clarity and precision, but at the same time, such constructions seemed to make the texts complex and hard to understand at times.

Finally, this study was an attempt to identify the linguistic features of legal language in Pakistan as well as an attempt to open up this area for further academic research. We believe that further large-scale studies will pave the way for identifying more generalizable linguistic features of legal language in Pakistan.

In view of the above situation, it is recommended that:

1. The tradition of corpus-based systemic functional linguistic analysis should be extended to other legal genres.

2. Further large-scale research should be carried out to identify linguistic features of legal language in Pakistan.

3. The findings of the present and future research should be used to develop courses for teaching legal language at various academic levels

Appendix I: Transitivity Analysis of Order XXXV Interpleader 1

Plaint in Interpleader Suits

//In every suit of interpleader the plaint shall, in addition to other statements necessary for plaints, state (a) that the plaintiff claims no interest in the subject matter in dispute other than for charges or costs? (b) the claims made by the defendants severally? and (c) that there is no collusion between the plaintiff and any of the defendants.//

 

Payment of Thing Claimed into Court

// Where the thing claimed is capable of being paid into court or placed in the custody of the court, / plaintiff may be required to so pay or place it before he can be entitled to any order in the suit.//

 

 Procedure where Defendant Issuing Plaintiff

//Where any of the defendants in an interpleader suit is actually suing the plaintiff in respect of the subject matter of such suit, the court in which the suit against the plaintiff is pending shall, on being informed by the court in which the interpleader suit has been instituted, stay the proceedings as against him? /and his costs in the suit so stayed may be provided for in such suit? /but if, and in so far as, they are not provided for in that suit, they may be added to his costs incurred in the interpleader suit.//

 

Procedure at First Hearing

(1) //At the first hearing the court may (a) declare that the plaintiff is discharged from all liability to the defendants in respect of the thing claimed, award him his costs, and dismiss him from the suit?// or

(b) //if it thinks that justice or convenience so require, retain all parties until the final disposal of the suit.//

(2) //Where the Court finds that the admissions of the parties or other evidence enable it to do so, it may adjudicate the title to the thing claimed.

(3) Where the admissions of the parties do not enable the court so to adjudicate, it may direct /(a) that an issue or issues between the parties be framed and tried, and /(b) that any claimant be made a plaintiff in lieu of or in addition to the original plaintiff, and shall proceed to try the suit in the ordinary manner.//

 

Agents and Tenants may not Institute Interpleader Suits

Nothing in this Order shall be deemed to enable agents to sue their principals, or tenants to sue their landlords, for the purpose of compelling them to interplead with any persons other than persons making claim through such principals or the landlords.//

 

Illustrations

(a) // A deposits a box of jewels with B as his agent.// //C alleges that the jewels were wrongfully obtained from him by A, /and claims them from B.// //B cannot institute an interpleader suit against A and C.// (b) //A deposits a box of jewels with B as his agent.// He then writes to C for the purpose of making the jewels a security for a debt due from himself to C.// //A afterwards alleges that C's debt is satisfied, /and C alleges the contrary.// //Both claim the jewels from B.// //B may institute an interpleader suit against A and C.//

 

Charge for Plaintiff's Costs

//Where the suit is properly instituted /the court may provide for the costs of the original plaintiff by giving him a charge on the thing claimed or in some other effectual way.//




 

In every suit of interpleader	the plaint	shall	in addition…	state	(a) that the plaintiff…
Cir:	Sayer		Cir:	Pr:verb	Verbiage

 

 

Where the thing…	the plaintiff	may be required to so pay or place	it	before he can be entitled…
Cir: location	Actor	Pr: mat	Goal	Cir: time

 

Where any of…	the court…	on being informed…	stay	the proceedings…
Cir	Actor	Cir	Pr: mat	Goal

and	his costs…	may be provided	for	in such suit;
conj	goal	pr: mat		cir: location

 

but	if, and…	they	may be added	to his costs…
Conj	Cir:	Goal	Pr: mat	Cir

 

At the first hearing	The Court	May	(a)                 declare	That the plaintiff…
Cir: contingency	Sayer		Pr: verb	Verbiage

 

(b)                 if it …	retain	all parties	until the…
Cir: contingency	Pr: mat	Goal	Cir: time

 

Where …	it	May adjudicate	The title…
Conjunction	Actor	Pr: mat

 

Where	it	May direct	(a)                 that an issue…, and (b) that any claimant…
Conj	Sayer	Pr: verb	Verbiage

 

Nothing in this…	shall be deemed to enable	agents	to sue	their principals, or…	for the purpose of…
		Actor
Agent	Pr: ment

 

Where	the suit	is	properly	instituted	the court	may provide	for the costs…	of the original plaintiff	by giving…
conj	Goal		Cir: manner	Pr: mat
Cir: location	Actor	Pr: mat	Cir:	Beneficiary	Cir:

 




Appendix II: Transitivity analysis of U.K. Civil Procedure Rules Order 17 Interpleader

Entitlement to Relief by Way of Interpleader Rule 1

(1) //Where— (a) a person is under a liability in respect of a debt or in respect of any money, goods or chattels and he is, or expects to be, sued for or in respect of that debt or money or those goods or chattels by two or more persons making adverse claims thereto; or (b) claim is made to any money, goods or chattels taken or intended to be taken by a sheriff in execution under any process, or to the proceeds or value of any such goods or chattels, by a person other than the person against whom the process is issued, / the person under liability as mentioned in sub-paragraph (a) or (subject to rule 2) the sheriff, may apply to the court for relief by way of interpleader.//

// (2) References in this Order to a sheriff shall be construed as including references to any other officer charged with the execution of process by or under the authority of the High Court. //

 

Claim to goods, etc., taken in execution Rule 2

(1) //Any person making a claim to or in respect of any money, goods or chattels taken or intended to be taken in execution under process of the court, or to the proceeds or value of any such goods or chattels, must give notice of his claim to the sheriff charged with the execution of the process and must include in his notice a statement of his address, /and that address shall be his address for service.//

(2) //On receipt of a claim made under this rule the sheriff must forthwith give notice thereof to the execution creditor / and the execution creditor must, within seven days after receiving the notice, give notice to the sheriff informing him whether he admits or disputes the claim.// //An execution creditor who gives notice in accordance with this paragraph admitting a claim shall only be liable to the sheriff for any fees and expenses incurred by the sheriff before receipt of that notice.//

(3) //Where— (a) the sheriff receives a notice from an execution creditor under paragraph (2) disputing a claim, or the execution creditor fails, within the period mentioned in that paragraph, to give the required notice; and (b) the claim made under this rule is not withdrawn, /the sheriff may apply to the court for relief under this Order.//

(4) //A sheriff who receives a notice from an execution creditor under paragraph (2) admitting a claim made under this rule shall withdraw from possession of the money, goods or chattels claimed and may apply to the court for relief under this Order of the following kind, /that is to say, an order restraining the bringing of a claim against him for or in respect of his having taken possession of that money or those goods or chattels.//




 

 

Where…	the person… or the sheriff…	may apply	to the court	for relief	by way of interpleader
Cir: location	Actor	Pr: mat	Recipient	Cir: quality	Cir: manner

 

References…	shall be construed	as including…
Goal	Pr: ment	Cir: quality

 

Any person…	give	notice	to the sheriff…
Actor	Pr: mat	Goal	Recipient
	and	must	include	in his notice…	a statement of his address
	Conj	Cir: quality	Pr: mat	Cri: location	Goal
		and	that address	shall be	his address for service
		Conj	Token	Pr: rel	Value

 

 

On receipt…	the sheriff	must	forthwith	give	notice	thereof	to the execution creditor
Cir: contingency	Actor	Cir: quality	Conj: quality	Pr: mat	Goal	Cir: location	Recipient
	And	the execution creditor	must,	within seven…	give	notice	to the sheriff…
	conj	Actor	Cir: quality	Cir: time	Pr: mat	Goal	Recipient

 

An execution creditor…	shall only be	liable to the sheriff for any fees and…
Token	Pr: relational	Value

 

Where…	the sheriff	may apply	to the court	for relief	under this Order.
Cir: location	Actor	Pr: mat	Recipient	Cir: quality	Cir: location

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Appendix III: Construction of Nominal Phrases in Material Clauses in CPC and CPR Data

 

CPC Data	CPR Data
the plaintiff	the person…or the sheriff…
that the plaintiff claims no interest in the subject matter in dispute other than for charges or costs? (b) the claims made by the defendants severally? and (c) that there is no collusion between the plaintiff and any of the defendants	the person under liability as mentioned in sub-paragraph (a) or (subject to rule 2) the sheriff
plaintiff	the Court
it	References in this Order to a sheriff
the Court in which the suit against the plaintiff is pending	Any person making a claim to or in respect of any money, goods or chattels taken or intended to be taken in execution under process of the Court, or to the proceeds or value of any such goods or chattels
the proceedings as against him	notice of his claim
his costs in the suit so stayed	that address
they	his address
his costs incurred in the interpleader suit	the sheriff
the Court	notice thereof
that the plaintiff is discharged from all liability to the defendants in respect of the thing claimed, award him his costs, and dismiss him from the suit	the execution creditor
him	notice
all parties	An execution creditor who gives notice in accordance with this paragraph admitting a claim
it	liable to the sheriff for any fees and             expenses incurred by the sheriff before receipt of that notice
the title to the thing claimed	the sheriff
(a) that an issue or issues between the parties be framed and tried, and /(b) that any claimant be made a plaintiff in lieu of or in addition to the original plaintiff, and shall proceed to try the suit in the ordinary manner	the Court
Nothing in this Order	A sheriff who receives a notice from an execution creditor under paragraph (2) admitting a claim made under this rule
agents	goods or chattels claimed
tenants	the Court
their landlords
the Court
the costs of the original plaintiff

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